"OSI transport services" include layers 1 through ... The most ubiquitous example is the IP protocol in TCP/IP (see TCP/IP). IPX, SNA and AppleTalk are examples of earlier routable protocols ...

Ethernet is a layer 2 data link protocol that is widely used with the TCP/IP protocol ... to learn about the protocol layers (see OSI model). The IP layer 3 breaks apart the data being transmitted ...

It overwhelms the target’s bandwidth or network infrastructure with massive amounts of traffic, often using techniques like UDP floods or TCP SYN floods ... of the OSI model (framework that ...