"may cause the disc to herniate beyond its normal location and position." Smoking and genetics can also affect the strength and durability of intervertebral discs. As any such factors cause the ...

Objectives: To observe the prevalence of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration in elite athletes as compared with published literature of changes seen in non-athletes—that is, normal population.

Degenerative disc disease is common among young adults with PsA, with key risk factors including older age, male sex, diabetes, and inflammatory back pain.